Fula people | EPFL Graph Search

The Fula, Fulani, or Fulɓe people (Fulɓe, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; Peul; Fulani or Hilani; Kanuri: Fillata; Fula; Pël; Fulaw; A̱fa̱taa) is an ethnic group in Sahara, Sahel and West Africa, widely dispersed across the region. Inhabiting many countries, they live mainly in West Africa and northern parts of Central Africa, South Sudan, Darfur, and regions near the Red Sea coast in Sudan. The approximate number of Fula people is unknown, due to clashing definitions regarding Fula ethnicity. Various estimates put the figure between 25 and 30 million people worldwide. A significant proportion of the Fula – a third, or an estimated 7 to 10 million – are pastoralists, and their ethnic group has the largest nomadic pastoral community in the world. The majority of the Fula ethnic group consisted of semi-sedentary people, as well as sedentary settled farmers, scholars, artisans, merchants, and nobility. As an ethnic group, they are bound together by the Fula language, their history and their culture. The Fula are almost completely Muslims, as in recent years there has been a significant rise in Fulani Christians, particularly in Nigeria, who generally worship in secret and dress like their Muslim brethren. Many West African leaders are of Fulani descent, including the former President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari; former president of Cameroon Ahmadou Ahidjo; President of Senegal, Macky Sall; the President of Gambia, Adama Barrow; the President of Guinea-Bissau, Umaro Sissoco Embaló; the Vice President of Sierra Leone, Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh; and the Prime Minister of Mali, Boubou Cisse. They also occupy positions in major international institutions, such as the Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations, Amina J. Mohammed; the 74th President of the United Nations General Assembly, Tijjani Muhammad-Bande; and the Secretary-General of OPEC, Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo. There are many names (and spellings of the names) used in other languages to refer to the Fulɓe. Fulani in English is borrowed from the Hausa term.

Des espaces pour la ville. Aménagement des espaces publics formateurs de la future gare des Eaux-Vives (Genève, GE)

Anne Prida

Dans le cadre du projet de raccordement ferroviaire CEVA, les terrains de la gare actuelle des Eaux-Vives sont une chance unique de densifier le centre de la ville de Genève. La nouvelle gare sera en effet souterraine et les six hectares libérés en surface font l'objet d'un plan directeur de quartier prévoyant des logements et des programmes mixtes. Le projet propose une réflexion sur les espaces publics générés par la station dans ce nouveau quartier. Il s'agit de démontrer que l'on peut projeter des espaces publics sans connaître la nature du bâti environnant, qui se limite ici à des gabarits. Les accès liés au fonctionnement de la gare, initialement prévus au centre de la plate-forme, sont rabattus latéralement dans l'épaisseur du bâti et rejoignent les quais à travers une galerie marchande. L'espace ainsi produit au-dessus de la gare comprend une bande de 30 m de large libre de construction sur toute la longueur des voies. Cette horizontale est l'occasion de concevoir un grand vide à l'échelle de la ville permettant des usages multiples. L'esplanade est donc un espace reconnaissable dans ces dimensions, composée d'un matériau unique, autour duquel se développent des espaces publics secondaires. Le projet profite de la situation topographique pour articuler les différents niveaux du site et irriguer le quartier. L'espace linéaire devient ainsi la colonne vertébrale de tout un morceau de ville.

2006

APOBEC3G Genetic Variants and Their Influence on the Progression to AIDS

Didier Trono, Bastien Mangeat, Amalio Telenti

The cytosine deaminase APOBEC3G, in the absence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory gene HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (vif), inhibits viral replication by introducing G-->A hypermutation in the newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA negativ ...

American Society for Microbiology2004