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Concept
Nieuport 12
Summary
The Nieuport 12 (or Nieuport XII in contemporary sources) was a French sesquiplane reconnaissance, fighter aircraft and trainer used by France, Russia, Great Britain and the United States during World War I. Later production examples were built as trainers and served widely until the late 1920s.
To improve the performance of the Nieuport 10 a re-engined version was developed as the Nieuport 12 with a significantly enlarged upper wing. A Lewis gun was fitted to the rear cockpit for use by the observer, normally on an Etévé ring (known as the Nieuport ring in British service) although early examples used a pedestal mount or half ring. A second Lewis was sometimes fitted to fire over the top wing. Nieuport 12s built by Beardmore used by the Royal Flying Corps were sometimes fitted with a Scarff ring instead of the Nieuport ring, and a synchronized Vickers gun for the pilot. Additional modifications were made to those built by Beardmore.
It could be fitted with either a Clerget, Clerget 9B engine or Le Rhône 9J mounted in the nose.
Nieuport 12 A.2
Two-seat fighter-reconnaissance biplane, powered by Clerget 9Z engine. or Le Rhône 9J.
Nieuport 12bis C.2
Revised version with Clerget 9B engine and streamlined side fairings.
Nieuport 13
Two prototypes with increased span but same nominal wing area as 12. One powered by a Hispano-Suiza 8, and the other by an Le Rhône 9C.
Nieuport 20
Version powered by Le Rhône 9J. Not used by France, but 21 delivered to Royal Flying Corps. All but first examples externally similar to 12bis.
23 meter Nieuport
Unofficial generic designation for all types listed here based on nominal wing area of 23 square meters.
Nieuport 80 E.2 and 81 E.2
Nieuport 12s were later built in large numbers specifically as training aircraft with the gun ring removed. 8 in designation referred to Le Rhône 9C. These differed in having flight controls for just the pilot in the rear seat (81 E.2), or both pilot and passenger (80 E.2).
Official source
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