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Concept
Benzimidazole
Summary
Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. This bicyclic compound may be viewed as fused rings of the aromatic compounds benzene and imidazole. It is a white solid that appears in form of tabular crystals.
Benzimidazole is produced by condensation of o-phenylenediamine with formic acid, or the equivalent trimethyl orthoformate:
C6H4(NH2)2 + HC(OCH3)3 → C6H4N(NH)CH + 3 CH3OH
2-Substituted derivatives are obtained when the condensation is conducted with aldehydes in place of formic acid, followed by oxidation.
Benzimidazole is a base:
C6H4N(NH)CH + H+ → [C6H4(NH)2CH]+
It can also be deprotonated with stronger bases:
C6H4N(NH)CH + LiH → Li [C6H4N2CH] + H2
The imine can be alkylated and also serves as a ligand in coordination chemistry. The most prominent benzimidazole complex features N-ribosyl-dimethylbenzimidazole as found in vitamin B12.
N,N'-Dialkylbenzimidazolium salts are precursors to certain N-heterocyclic carbenes.
Benzimidazole derivatives are among the most frequently used ring systems for small molecule drugs listed by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Many pharmaceutical agents belong to the benzimidazole class of compounds. For example:
Angiotensin II receptor blockers such as azilsartan, candesartan, and telmisartan.
Anthelmintic agents such as albendazole, ciclobendazole, fenbendazole, flubendazole, mebendazole, oxfendazole, oxibendazole, triclabendazole, and thiabendazole.
Antihistamines such as astemizole, bilastine, clemizole, emedastine, mizolastine, and oxatomide.
Benzimidazole fungicides such as benomyl, carbendazim, fuberidazole, and thiabendazole.
Benzimidazole opioids such as bezitramide, brorphine, clonitazene, etodesnitazene, etonitazene, etonitazepipne, etonitazepyne, isotonitazene, metodesnitazene, and metonitazene.
Proton-pump inhibitors such as dexlansoprazole, esomeprazole, ilaprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and tenatoprazole.
Typical antipsychotics such as benperidol, clopimozide, droperidol, neflumozide, and oxiperomide, and pimozide.
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Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism. It is one of eight B vitamins. It is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. It is important in the normal functioning of the nervous system via its role in the synthesis of myelin, and in the circulatory system in the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Plants do not need cobalamin and carry out the reactions with enzymes that are not dependent on it.