Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.
Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.
A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval). It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.
In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:
All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
All values in Hematology – white blood cells
Platelet count (Plt)
A few values are for inside red blood cells only:
Vitamin B9 (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.
Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.
International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.
Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g.
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Le but est de connaitre et comprendre le fonctionnement des systèmes cardiovasculaire, urinaire, respiratoire, digestif, ainsi que du métabolisme de base et sa régulation afin de déveloper une réflect
A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a full blood count (FBC), is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood. The CBC indicates the counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells). The red blood cell indices, which indicate the average size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells, are also reported, and a white blood cell differential, which counts the different types of white blood cells, may be included.
White blood cells, also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. White blood cells include three main subtypes; granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. White cells is most preferred rather than the, white blood cells, because, they spend most of their time in the lymph or plasma. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells.
Clinical chemistry (also known as chemical pathology, clinical biochemistry or medical biochemistry) is a division in medical laboratory sciences focusing on qualitative tests of important compounds, referred to as analytes or markers, in bodily fluids and tissues using analytical techniques and specialized instruments. This interdisciplinary field includes knowledge from medicine, biology, chemistry, biomedical engineering, informatics, and an applied form of biochemistry (not to be confused with medicinal chemistry, which involves basic research for drug development).
Purpose: This study was designed and conducted to validate the reference values of hematological parameters for healthy adult male and female residents of Kabul city, Afghanistan. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, the samples were collected accor ...
Albany2024
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A needle-shaped electrochemical sensor based on platinum electrodes is proposed in this paper. These platinum electrodes provide improved mechanical properties with respect to previous prototypes proposed in literature. This makes them suitable for inserti ...
IEEE2022
While the static structure of aqueous electrolytes has been studied for decades, their dynamic microscopic structure remains unresolved yet critical in many areas. We report a comparative study of dc and ac (1 Hz to 20 GHz) conductivity data of weak and st ...