Capital allocation line

Capital allocation line (CAL) is a graph created by investors to measure the risk of risky and risk-free assets. The graph displays the return to be made by taking on a certain level of risk. Its slope is known as the "reward-to-variability ratio". The capital allocation line is a straight line that has the following equation: In this formula P is the risky portfolio, F is riskless portfolio, and C is a combination of portfolios P and F. The slope of the capital allocation line is equal to the incremental return of the portfolio to the incremental increase of risk. Hence, the slope of the capital allocation line is called the reward-to-variability ratio because the expected return increases continually with the increase of risk as measured by the standard deviation. If investors can purchase a risk free asset with some return rF, then all correctly priced risky assets or portfolios will have expected return of the form where b is some incremental return to offset the risk (sometimes known as a risk premium), and σP is the risk itself expressed as the standard deviation. By rearranging, we can see the risk premium has the following value Now consider the case of another portfolio that is a combination of a risk free asset and the correctly priced portfolio we considered above (which is itself just another risky asset). If it is correctly priced, it will have exactly the same form: Substituting in our derivation for the risk premium above: This yields the Capital Allocation Line.

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Capital market line

Capital market line (CML) is the tangent line drawn from the point of the risk-free asset to the feasible region for risky assets. The tangency point M represents the market portfolio, so named since all rational investors (minimum variance criterion) should hold their risky assets in the same proportions as their weights in the market portfolio. The CML results from the combination of the market portfolio and the risk-free asset (the point L).

Security characteristic line

Security characteristic line (SCL) is a regression line, plotting performance of a particular security or portfolio against that of the market portfolio at every point in time. The SCL is plotted on a graph where the Y-axis is the excess return on a security over the risk-free return and the X-axis is the excess return of the market in general. The slope of the SCL is the security's beta, and the intercept is its alpha. where: αi is called the asset's alpha (abnormal return) βi(RM,t – Rf) is a nondiversifi

Market portfolio

Market portfolio is a portfolio consisting of a weighted sum of every asset in the market, with weights in the proportions that they exist in the market, with the necessary assumption that these assets are infinitely divisible. Richard Roll's critique states that this is only a theoretical concept, as to create a market portfolio for investment purposes in practice would necessarily include every single possible available asset, including real estate, precious metals, stamp collections, jewelry, and anything with any worth, as the theoretical market being referred to would be the world market.

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We study the impact of higher bank capital requirements on corporate lending spreads using granular bank- and loan-level data. Our empirical strategy employs the heterogeneity in capital requirements across banks and time of implementation in Switzerland. ...

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Mutual fund portfolio choice in the presence of dynamic ﬂows

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