Zhiduo (clothing)

Zhiduo (viz. : and and ), also known as zhishen (; ) when it is decorated with outside pendulums, and haiqing (), refers to two types of traditional changyi () or (shenyi-structured) paofu which were worn as outer robes by men in the broad sense; i.e. the casual zhiduo in Hanfu and the priests’ zhiduo, in the broad sense. As a specific term, the zhiduo refers to the former. The zhiduo was also called daopao by Wang Zhishen in the Ming dynasty although the daopao refers to another kind of paofu. Nowadays, the haiqing is sometimes referred as daopao. In present days Taiwan, the haiqing is also worn by the Zhenyi Taoist priests. The term "haiqing" can also be a specific term which refers to the long black or yellow robe worn by Buddhist monks. The zhiduo was also introduced in both Japan and Korea where Chinese Buddhism had been spread. In Japan, the zhiduo was pronounced jikitotsu 直綴/じきとつ. In Korea, the zhiduo was pronounced as jikcheol (), and was also referred as the jangsam () of the Buddhist monks; the jikcheol was worn under the Kasaya until the early Joseon period. The Buddhist monk's zhiduo was worn as early as the Tang dynasty. After the middle Tang dynasty, the zhiduo was worn together with the right bare cassock, called jiasha (). The term jiasha was borrowed from the term Kasaya in China where it became a specific term to refer to a one-piece rectangular robe made out of patchwork. The jiasha was typically black in colour in the Han dynasty; purple in the Tang dynasty and turned yellow since the Five dynasties period until now as the colour yellow in Buddhism represents the highest set of values: desire-less-ness, humility, and renunciation. In certain geographical areas, the jiasha was also possible for the jiasha to be red or brown in colour. In China, there were also regulations established by the Imperial court which regulated the colour of the jiasha based on ranks but which could vary depending on the different dynastic period.