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Concept
Organoruthenium chemistry
Summary
Organoruthenium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to ruthenium chemical bond. Several organoruthenium catalysts are of commercial interest and organoruthenium compounds have been considered for cancer therapy.
The chemistry has some stoichiometric similarities with organoiron chemistry, as iron is directly above ruthenium in group 8 of the periodic table. The most important reagents for the introduction of ruthenium are ruthenium(III) chloride and triruthenium dodecacarbonyl.
In its organometallic compounds, ruthenium is known to adopt oxidation states from -2 ([Ru(CO)4]2−) to +6 ([RuN(Me)4]−). Most common are those in the 2+ oxidation state, as illustrated below.
File:Grubbs Catalyst 1st Generation.svg|[[Grubbs catalyst|1st generation Grubbs catalyst]]
File:ShvoCat.png|[[Shvo catalyst]]
File:RuCymCl2.png|[[(cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer]]
File:Trirutheniumdodecacarbonyl.svg|[[triruthenium dodecacarbonyl]].
File:Chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium.png|[[chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium]]
File:Cp*2Ru2Cl4new.png|[[pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium dichloride dimer]]
As with other late transition metals, ruthenium binds more favorably with soft ligands. The most important ligands for ruthenium are:
halides, especially chloride.
phosphines, especially triphenylphosphine.
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs).
cyclopentadienyl ligands.
various arenes and dienes
carbon monoxide.
hydride, notably in the Shvo catalyst.
metal carbenes, notably in the Grubbs catalyst.
While monodentate phosphine ligands such as triphenylphosphine and tricyclohexylphosphine are most common, bidentate phosphine ligands can also be useful in organoruthenium compounds. BINAP, in particular, is a useful asymmetric ligand for many asymmetric ruthenium catalysts.
NHC ligands have become very common in organoruthenium complexes. NHC ligands can be prepared with precise steric and electronic parameters, and can be chiral for use in asymmetric catalysis.
Official source
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