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Concept
Indrapura (Champa)
Summary
Indrapura was the capital city of the kingdom of Champa from 875 AD until 982, or until 12th century AD. It was built and ruled under the reign of Buddhist king Indravarman II (r. 875-890) and some of his successors belonging to the Bhrgu dynasty in Đồng Dương. The word Indrapura means "City of Indra" in Sanskrit, Indra being the Hindu God of Storm and War, and King of the Gods in the Rig Veda.
The name "Indrapura" (the modern toponym is "Đồng Dương") was translated in Chinese and Vietnamese sources as Fóshì/Phật Thệ (Chinese: 佛逝) or Fóshìchéng (Chinese: 佛逝城, lit. 'the City of Indra' or 'the city of Buddha'). Previous generations of scholars had posited that "Fóshì" was a transcription of Vijaya (Chinese: 尸唎皮奈; pinyin: Shīlì Pínài; Vietnamese: Thị Lợi Bi Nai; alternate: Chà Bàn).
The city was built around 875 CE by Indravarman II, a Cham Buddhist king who also was the founder the Bhrgu dynasty of Champa. Under the Bhrgu dynasty, Indrapura was made the prime capital of Champa for around a century. Indravarman II took the construction of a Mahayana Buddhist temple complex named Lasmindra Lokesvara at Indrapura. The dynasty also left many spatial Buddhist temples around Indrapura. A high-ranking Cham court official was known for Buddhist pilgrimage travel from Indrapura to Java Island around 911–912.
Buddhist temples extended as far north as Quảng Bình and across northern Champa. This led the 13th century Vietnamese king Trần Nhân Tông, a Buddhist devotee, to travel to Champa for nine months during which he visited Buddhist sacred sites.
The rise of two neighboring powers, Đại Cồ Việt in the north and the Khmer empire in the West, posed new threats to Champa. A war between Champa and the Khmer empire in 945, and another with Đại Cồ Việt under the Early Lê dynasty in 979, together weakened Champa. In 982, King of the Đại Việt, Lê Hoàn, led armies to sack a city in Northern Champa (Quảng Bình) in the Cham–Vietnamese War (982), killing the Cham king Paramesvaravarman I. His successor retreated 700 li (300 km/186 mi) to the city of Indrapura.
Official source
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