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Concept
Sticky bead argument
Summary
In general relativity, the sticky bead argument is a simple thought experiment designed to show that gravitational radiation is indeed predicted by general relativity, and can have physical effects. These claims were not widely accepted prior to about 1955, but after the introduction of the bead argument, any remaining doubts soon disappeared from the research literature.
The argument is often credited to Hermann Bondi, who popularized it, but it was originally proposed anonymously by Richard Feynman.
The thought experiment was first described by Feynman (under the pseudonym "Mr. Smith") in 1957 at a conference at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and later addressed in his private letter:
Feynman’s gravitational wave detector: It is simply two beads sliding freely (but with a small amount of friction) on a rigid rod. As the wave passes over the rod, atomic forces hold the length of the rod fixed, but the proper distance between the two beads oscillates. Thus, the beads rub against the rod, dissipating heat.
As the gravitational waves are mainly transverse, the rod has to be oriented perpendicular to the propagation direction of the wave.
The creator of the theory of general relativity, Albert Einstein, argued in 1916 that gravitational radiation should be produced, according to his theory, by any mass-energy configuration that has a time-varying quadrupole moment (or higher multipole moment). Using a linearized field equation (appropriate for the study of weak gravitational fields), he derived the famous quadrupole formula quantifying the rate at which such radiation should carry away energy. Examples of systems with time varying quadrupole moments include vibrating strings, bars rotating about an axis perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the bar, and binary star systems, but not rotating disks.
In 1922, Arthur Stanley Eddington wrote a paper expressing (apparently for the first time) the view that gravitational waves are in essence ripples in coordinates, and have no physical meaning.
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Related concepts (1)
Pp-wave spacetime
In general relativity, the pp-wave spacetimes, or pp-waves for short, are an important family of exact solutions of Einstein's field equation. The term pp stands for plane-fronted waves with parallel propagation, and was introduced in 1962 by Jürgen Ehlers and Wolfgang Kundt. The pp-waves solutions model radiation moving at the speed of light. This radiation may consist of: electromagnetic radiation, gravitational radiation, massless radiation associated with Weyl fermions, massless radiation associated with some hypothetical distinct type relativistic classical field, or any combination of these, so long as the radiation is all moving in the same direction.