Brill Academic Publishers (known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill ()) is a Dutch international academic publisher founded in 1683 in Leiden, Netherlands. With offices in Leiden, Boston, Paderborn and Singapore, Brill today publishes 275 journals and around 1200 new books and reference works each year all of which are "subject to external, single or double-blind peer review." In addition, Brill provides of primary source materials online and on microform for researchers in the humanities and social sciences. Brill publishes in the following subject areas: Humanities: African Studies American Studies Ancient Near East and Egypt Studies Archaeology, Art & Architecture Asian Studies (Hotei Publishing and Global Oriental imprints) Classical Studies Education Jewish Studies Literature and Cultural Studies (under the Brill-Rodopi imprint) Media Studies Middle East and Islamic Studies Philosophy Religious Studies Slavic and Eurasian Studies Law (under the Brill-Nijhoff imprint): Human Rights and Humanitarian Law International Law International Relations Sciences: Biology Social Sciences Anthropology Cartography History Language and Linguistics Political Science Sociology Ecclesiology Biblical Studies and Early Christianity Theology and World Christianity The roots of Brill go back to 17 May 1683, when the Leiden booksellers' guild registered Jordaan Luchtmans as a bookseller. As was customary at the time, Luchtmans combined his bookselling business with publishing, primarily in the fields of biblical studies, theology, Asian languages, and ethnography. Luchtmans established close ties with the University of Leiden, which was then a major center of study in these areas. In 1848, the business passed from the Luchtmans family to former employee E. J. (Evert Jan) Brill. In order to cover the financial obligations that he inherited, E. J. Brill liquidated the entire Luchtmans book stock in a series of auctions that took place between 1848 and 1850. Brill continued to publish in the traditional core areas of the company, with occasional excursions into other fields.