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Concept
Metal ions in aqueous solution
Summary
A metal ion in aqueous solution or aqua ion is a cation, dissolved in water, of chemical formula [M(H2O)n]z+. The solvation number, n, determined by a variety of experimental methods is 4 for Li+ and Be2+ and 6 for most elements in periods 3 and 4 of the periodic table. Lanthanide and actinide aqua ions have higher solvation numbers (often 8 to 9), with the highest known being 11 for Ac3+. The strength of the bonds between the metal ion and water molecules in the primary solvation shell increases with the electrical charge, z, on the metal ion and decreases as its ionic radius, r, increases. Aqua ions are subject to hydrolysis. The logarithm of the first hydrolysis constant is proportional to z2/r for most aqua ions.
The aqua ion is associated, through hydrogen bonding with other water molecules in a secondary solvation shell. Water molecules in the first hydration shell exchange with molecules in the second solvation shell and molecules in the bulk liquid. The residence time of a molecule in the first shell varies among the chemical elements from about 100 picoseconds to more than 200 years. Aqua ions are prominent in electrochemistry.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Elements that form aqua cations
|-
| H || colspan=30 |
|
|-
| Li|| Be ||colspan=24|
|| || || || || ||
|-
| Na|| Mg ||colspan=24|
| Al
|| || || || ||
|-
| K|| Ca|| colspan=14|
|Sc||Ti||V||Cr||Mn||Fe||Co||Ni||Cu
|Zn||Ga ||Ge*|| || || ||
|-
| Rb|| Sr|| colspan=14|
||Y||Zr||||Mo||||Ru||Rh||Pd||Ag
|Cd||In||Sn||Sb*
|| || ||
|-
|Cs|| Ba|| La
|Ce||Pr||Nd|| Pm ||Sm||Eu||Gd||Tb||Dy||Ho||Er||Tm||Yb||Lu
|Hf||||||||||Ir||Pt||Au
|Hg||Tl||Pb||Bi||Po*||At*
||
|-
|Fr*||Ra*||Ac
| Th||Pa||U||Np||Pu
|Am||Cm||Bk
|Cf||Es*||Fm*||Md*||No*||Lr*||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|}
No experimental information regarding aqua ion structures
Most chemical elements are metallic. Compounds of the metallic elements usually form simple aqua ions with the formula [M(H2O)n]z+ in low oxidation states.
Official source
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