Pays en développementDans la typologie la plus courante, les pays en développement ou pays du Sud sont des pays moins développés économiquement que les pays développés (parfois appelés pays du Nord). L'expression « pays en développement » remplace des dénominations antérieures, jugées inadéquates, obsolètes ou incorrectes : les pays du tiers monde, les pays sous-développés. Elle s'est substituée à « pays en voie de développement ».
Sustainable urbanismSustainable urbanism is both the study of cities and the practices to build them (urbanism), that focuses on promoting their long term viability by reducing consumption, waste and harmful impacts on people and place while enhancing the overall well-being of both people and place. Well-being includes the physical, ecological, economic, social, health and equity factors, among others, that comprise cities and their populations.
Service-learningService-learning is an educational approach that combines learning objectives with community service in order to provide a pragmatic, progressive learning experience while meeting societal needs. Service-learning involves students (k-12, higher ed) in service projects to apply classroom learning for local agencies that exist to effect positive change in the community. The National Youth Leadership Council defines service learning as "a philosophy, pedagogy, and model for community development that is used as an instructional strategy to meet learning goals and/or content standards.
Eco-citiesAn eco-city or ecocity is "a human settlement modeled on the self-sustaining resilient structure and function of natural ecosystems", as defined by Ecocity Builders (a non-profit organization started by Richard Register, who first coined the term). Simply put, an eco-city is an ecologically healthy city. The World Bank defines eco-cities as "cities that enhance the well-being of citizens and society through integrated urban planning and management that harness the benefits of ecological systems and protect and nurture these assets for future generations".
UrbanisationL'urbanisation est un mouvement historique de transformation des formes de la société que l'on peut définir comme l'augmentation du nombre d'habitants en ville par rapport à l'ensemble de la population. C'est donc un processus de développement des villes et de concentration des populations dans celles-ci. Le processus spatio-temporel de l'urbanisation se fait différemment selon les pays et les villes.
Trame verteLa trame verte (ou en France Trame verte et bleue) est un concept qui, dans les pays francophones, date des années 1980-1990. Il est en partie issu des travaux préparatoires au sommet de la Terre de Rio (1992), de l'écologie du paysage et du projet de réseau écologique paneuropéen alors préparé par le Conseil de l'Europe. Pour les années 1990 à 2005, cette expression couvre des réalités diverses, selon l'époque, le pays ou le domaine considérés (urbanisme, paysage, environnement, écologie urbaine et autres projets de collectivités locales, etc.
Pédagogie critiquealt=Le chemin de l'indépendance|vignette|460x460px|Apprenants sur le chemin de l'indépendance selon les penseurs de la Pédagogie Critique, à Auderghem. (Photographie libre de droits, 2020). La pédagogie critique est une philosophie de l'éducation et un mouvement social qui développe et applique des concepts de la théorie critique et de traditions connexes aux domaines de l'éducation et des études culturelles.
Sustainability measurementSustainability measurement is a set of frameworks or indicators to measure how sustainable something is. This includes processes, products, services and businesses. Sustainability is difficult to quantify. It may even be impossible to measure. To measure sustainability, the indicators consider environmental, social and economic domains. The metrics are still evolving. They include indicators, benchmarks and audits. They include sustainability standards and certification systems like Fairtrade and Organic.
UrbanismUrbanism is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment. It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning, a profession focusing on the design and management of urban areas, and urban sociology, an academic field which studies urban life. Many architects, planners, geographers, and sociologists investigate the way people live in densely populated urban areas. There is a wide variety of different theories and approaches to the study of urbanism.
Secteur privéThe private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is owned by private groups, usually as a means of establishment for profit or non profit, rather than being owned by the government. The private sector employs most of the workforce in some countries. In private sector, activities are guided by the motive to earn money. A 2013 study by the International Finance Corporation (part of the World Bank Group) identified that 90 percent of jobs in developing countries are in the private sector.
