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The surface impedance of type-II superconductors in the mixed state has been measured as a function of the magnetic field in the low-frequency limit. At the low magnetic fields close to the lower critical field the surface impedance was observed to be proportional to the vortex density, whereas at higher fields a crossover to the square-root dependence on the vortex density was observed. This behavior agrees with the two-mode electrodynamics in which the penetration of electromagnetic fields into the superconductor in the mixed state is governed by two space scales: (i) the skin-layer width, and (ii) the screening length of the order of the intervortex distance arising from the elasticity of the vortex array.
Henrik Moodysson Rønnow, Arnaud Magrez, Ivica Zivkovic, Nagabhushan Ganesh Hegde