Microscopic Maxwell equations

In course

Description

This lecture covers the fundamentals of nonlinear optics and photonics for quantum computing, discussing natural and synthetic qubits, microwave and electron phenomena, trapped ions, neutral atoms, superconducting loops, silicon quantum dots, and topological qubits. It explains the generation of new frequency components in nonlinear media, the importance of phase matching for constructive interference, and the realization of effective photon-photon interactions. The lecture also delves into stimulated vs. spontaneous processes, photon counting detection, coherent states, and vacuum fluctuations. Key elements of linear optics, including microscopic Maxwell's equations, Fourier transform, macroscopic Maxwell's equations in a medium, wave propagation in anisotropic crystals, and the effects of dispersion and diffraction on laser pulses and beams, are discussed in detail.

Official source

https://mediaspace.epfl.ch/media/0_2cpafvyb

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Superconducting quantum computing is a branch of solid state quantum computing that implements superconducting electronic circuits using superconducting qubits as artificial atoms, or quantum dots. For superconducting qubits, the two logic states are the ground state and the excited state, denoted respectively. Research in superconducting quantum computing is conducted by companies such as Google, IBM, IMEC, BBN Technologies, Rigetti, and Intel. Many recently developed QPUs (quantum processing units, or quantum chips) utilize superconducting architecture.

Qubit

In quantum computing, a qubit (ˈkjuːbɪt) or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics. Examples include the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a single photon in which the two states can be taken to be the vertical polarization and the horizontal polarization.

Quantum computing

A quantum computer is a computer that exploits quantum mechanical phenomena. At small scales, physical matter exhibits properties of both particles and waves, and quantum computing leverages this behavior, specifically quantum superposition and entanglement, using specialized hardware that supports the preparation and manipulation of quantum states. Classical physics cannot explain the operation of these quantum devices, and a scalable quantum computer could perform some calculations exponentially faster than any modern "classical" computer.

Trapped ion quantum computer

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Flux qubit

In quantum computing, more specifically in superconducting quantum computing, flux qubits (also known as persistent current qubits) are micrometer sized loops of superconducting metal that is interrupted by a number of Josephson junctions. These devices function as quantum bits. The flux qubit was first proposed by Terry P. Orlando et al. at MIT in 1999 and fabricated shortly thereafter. During fabrication, the Josephson junction parameters are engineered so that a persistent current will flow continuously when an external magnetic flux is applied.