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This lecture explores the complex process of adult neurogenesis, focusing on the maintenance, differentiation, and integration of neural stem cells in the adult brain. It discusses the regulators of adult neural stem cells, including physiological and pathological factors. The lecture also covers the functional significance of adult neurogenesis, highlighting the role of continuous neurogenesis in the structural and functional integrity of the adult forebrain. Tools for studying adult neurogenesis, such as behavioral tests and ablation methods, are presented. Additionally, the use of neural stem cells for research and therapy, particularly in diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, is discussed.