This lecture explores the different models of society and their relationship with nature. It delves into the intrinsic values of nature and man's guilt, the productive system, and the development/natural environment relationship. vast topics such as the rationale of the productive system, the momentum of the productive activity, and the valued actors are discussed. The lecture also examines the sociology of support in the knowledge realm and the ethics of freedom/responsibility. The Neo-Naturalist approach is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of sustainable development and innovation.