This lecture provides an overview of the history of artificial neural networks, from the early perceptrons to the current computational power-driven era. The instructor explains the inspiration drawn from the brain's neural networks, detailing the structure of biological neurons and the concept of learning through synaptic connections. The transition from biological to artificial neurons is discussed, highlighting the mathematical description of artificial neurons and the adaptive parameters involved in learning. The lecture concludes with a quiz on key concepts related to neural networks.