DNA and Its Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications

This lecture covers the fundamentals of DNA, including its structure, function, and the processes of replication, transcription, and translation. The instructor begins by discussing the natural form of DNA as chromosomes, emphasizing their organization within the nucleus and the protective role of telomeres. The lecture then delves into the chemical structure of DNA, explaining the significance of nucleotides and the stability of the double helix formed by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The instructor highlights the importance of directionality in DNA synthesis and the mechanisms of DNA replication, including the roles of leading and lagging strands. The lecture also introduces the concepts of transcription and translation, detailing how DNA is converted into proteins. Additionally, the instructor discusses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a method for amplifying DNA, explaining its significance in molecular biology. The session concludes with an overview of recombinant DNA technology, illustrating how genetic material can be engineered for various applications.