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This lecture covers the definitions, history, and applications of conditional access (CA) in the context of media security. It explores user authentication techniques, the legal dimension, and examples of CA to JPEG 2000 compressed images. The instructor discusses the importance of CA for content owners, the evolution of CA from analog to digital TV broadcast, and trends in CA such as IPTV and streaming services. Various topics are covered, including smart cards, cryptographic iButtons, NFC technology, and different methods of user authentication like passwords, PIN codes, and biometrics. The lecture also delves into the legal aspects of CA, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Directive on the legal protection of services based on conditional access.