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This lecture covers the principles of solar energy conversion, including photoelectrochemistry, thermal integration, and techno-economics. It discusses the working principles of photoelectrochemical devices, high-temperature electrolysis, and the theoretical efficiency limits. The presentation also explores the design and operation of integrated systems for solar fuel production, emphasizing the importance of stringent material requirements and various device architectures. Additionally, it delves into the calculations involved in diode-like current-potential behavior and electrochemical system losses. The lecture concludes with a comparison of different solar fuel approaches and the efficiency limits. The content is supported by examples, diagrams, and experimental results.