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This lecture delves into the origins of mass housing in European cities during the 19th century, exploring the emergence of the metropolis and the housing problem. It discusses the reformers' efforts to provide self-contained dwellings, the influence of social attitudes on housing design, and the impact of sanitary conditions on public health. The lecture also covers the transition from cottage housing to tenement blocks, the challenges of balancing cost and quality in social housing, and the evolution of housing standards post-World War I.