This lecture covers the best practices for optimizing the performance of vectors in C++. It starts by recommending the use of arrays instead of vectors when the size is known in advance. It then explains how to declare vectors with a specific size to avoid unnecessary reallocations caused by push_back operations. The lecture also discusses reserving capacity in advance, swapping values between vectors efficiently, and passing vectors by constant reference to functions. It emphasizes the importance of understanding memory allocation and access patterns for optimal performance.