Thermodynamic Equilibrium

This lecture covers the law of mass action, the Guldberg and Waage relation, the establishment of the law of mass action, and examples of applying the law to different equilibriums, such as the formation of stalagmites. It also discusses the application of the law to various types of equilibriums, including acid-base equilibriums, complex formation, and solubility product. The constant of equilibrium, K°(T), is determined by the activity of the species present at equilibrium and the stoichiometric coefficients. The law of mass action is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics, providing insights into chemical equilibriums.