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This lecture introduces the concept of primary data in Geographic Information Systems, covering methods such as GPS data collection, positioning through astronomical measurements, terrestrial measurements like triangulation and leveling, and satellite-based measurements like GPS and Lidar. It also explores the use of aerial and satellite-based imagery for thematic data analysis, including the types of sensors and spectral bands used. The lecture delves into the principles of laser measurements and the interpretation of satellite imagery for environmental monitoring purposes.