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This lecture covers the first law of thermodynamics, elementary work, and heat, focusing on the quantitative expression of mechanical work exchanged, the kinetic theory of gases, and the mathematical tools to quantify temperature changes and heat exchange. It also explores the concept of work in a fluid system, using examples like the work done on an elastic wire during elongation and the work done in a gas system. The lecture emphasizes the importance of defining gas pressure to accurately calculate work, especially in quasi-static transformations.