Drug deliveryDrug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, manufacturing techniques, storage systems, and technologies involved in transporting a pharmaceutical compound to its target site to achieve a desired therapeutic effect. Principles related to drug preparation, route of administration, site-specific targeting, metabolism, and toxicity are used to optimize efficacy and safety, and to improve patient convenience and compliance. Drug delivery is aimed at altering a drug's pharmacokinetics and specificity by formulating it with different excipients, drug carriers, and medical devices.
PharmacocinétiqueLa , parfois désignée sous le nom de « l'ADME » (voir plus loin) et qui suit la phase biopharmaceutique, a pour but d'étudier le devenir d'une substance active contenue dans un médicament après son administration dans l'organisme. Elle comprend, après la phase biopharmaceutique précédant le premier passage trans-membranaire, quatre grandes étapes : Absorption (A) ; Distribution (D) ; Métabolisme (M) ; Excrétion du principe actif et de ses métabolites (E).
Index thérapeutiqueL'index thérapeutique est, pour une substance, le rapport de deux quantités caractérisées, celles de la dose létale 50 (DL 50), soit la quantité de substance entraînant la mort chez 50 % des individus, et de la dose efficace On calcule l'index thérapeutique de cette façon : IT = DL 50 / DE 50. Plus l’index thérapeutique d’une substance est faible, moins il y a de différence entre la dose susceptible d’obtenir un effet thérapeutique et celle susceptible d’entraîner la mort, et plus cette substance est dangereuse, donc.
Therapeutic effectTherapeutic effect refers to the response(s) after a treatment of any kind, the results of which are judged to be useful or favorable. This is true whether the result was expected, unexpected, or even an unintended consequence. An adverse effect (including nocebo) is the converse and refers to harmful or undesired response(s). What constitutes a therapeutic effect versus a side effect is a matter of both the nature of the situation and the goals of treatment.
Clinical pharmacologyClinical pharmacology is "that discipline that teaches, does research, frames policy, gives information and advice about the actions and proper uses of medicines in humans and implements that knowledge in clinical practice". Clinical pharmacology is inherently a translational discipline underpinned by the basic science of pharmacology, engaged in the experimental and observational study of the disposition and effects of drugs in humans, and committed to the translation of science into evidence-based therapeutics.
