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This lecture explores the diversity of mammalian neocortical neurons, the challenges in dissociating cells from the human brain, and the convergent evolution of expanded neocortex across different mammalian species. It delves into the relative expansion of functional areas in the cortex, the variation in cell types across the cortex, and the structure of cortical cell type diversity, highlighting the differences in neuronal density and gene expression. The instructor discusses the significance of dissociated nuclei in studying cell types and the progress made in annotating cell types based on gene expression, structure, and function.