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This lecture delves into the analysis of GDP per capita disparities between countries, showcasing the huge income differences observed over the years. It covers the concentration of low-income countries in Africa, different scales of incomes, and the calculation of average growth rates. The implications for catching up, convergence trends, and the possibility of divergence are also discussed, highlighting the challenges faced by least-developed countries. The lecture concludes with a comparison of GDP per capita growth from 1960 to 2019, demonstrating the varying economic trajectories of different countries.