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This lecture covers the design and applications of voltage amplifiers, differential amplification, frequency response, and active filter design in measuring systems. It discusses the architecture of operational amplifiers, sensor interfaces, and the characteristics of ideal and practical op-amps. The presentation also delves into the concept of open-loop gain, input and output resistance, as well as the operational modes of op-amps. Additionally, it explores the use of op-amps in various applications, such as ECG and PPG, emphasizing the importance of feedback and negative reactions in maintaining linearity. The lecture concludes with a detailed examination of op-amp design philosophies, including considerations of price, complexity, consumption, and specific application requirements.