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This lecture covers the fundamental concepts of working with files in Python, including file objects, reading and writing files, copying files, and file paths. It explains the structure of files, the importance of file headers, and the end-of-file marker. The lecture also delves into practical aspects such as opening and closing files, manipulating file positions, and different file access modes. Additionally, it explores reading files line by line, reading a given number of characters, and copying files line by line or in binary format. The lecture concludes with an overview of working with CSV files, NumPy arrays, and JSON data in Python.