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This lecture covers the energy ranges in X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS), including X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). It explains the relationship between XAS, photoelectron spectroscopy (PES)/Auger, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and discusses the practical considerations involved. The lecture also delves into the fine structure of XAFS, its sensitivity to oxidation state and coordination chemistry, and its applications in various fields such as catalysis, biochemistry, and environmental sciences.