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This lecture covers the state-of-the-art in high-efficiency solar cells, focusing on concepts like PERC, PERL, PERT, selective emitter, and IBC. It discusses the electrical characteristics, efficiency losses, and advancements in cell structures. The presentation delves into the fabrication sequences, including inverted pyramids and selective emitter processes. It also explores the potential of very high-efficiency cells like GaAs single junction, III-V on Si multi-junction, and perovskite on textured Si. The lecture highlights the continuous improvement in TOPCON and SHJ cells, along with the challenges and future trends in the solar cell industry.