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Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change its shape, area, volume, and density in response to a change in temperature, usually not including phase transitions. Temperature is a monotonic function of the average molecular kinetic energy of a substance. When a substance is heated, molecules begin to vibrate and move more, usually creating more distance between themselves. Substances which contract with increasing temperature are unusual, and only occur within limited temperature ranges (see examples below).
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space). The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, maintaining appropriate membrane fluidity at various temperatures.
In physics and engineering, permeation (also called imbuing) is the penetration of a permeate (a fluid such as a liquid, gas, or vapor) through a solid. It is directly related to the concentration gradient of the permeate, a material's intrinsic permeability, and the materials' mass diffusivity. Permeation is modeled by equations such as Fick's laws of diffusion, and can be measured using tools such as a minipermeameter. The process of permeation involves the diffusion of molecules, called the permeant, through a membrane or interface.
(La,Sr)FeO3 mixed conducting perovskites are considered as interesting candidates for oxygen separation membranes but they suffer from limited structural stability in a large oxygen partial pressure (
2009
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Mixed ionic–electronic conducting La0:5Sr0:5 Fe1 xBxO3 δ (B: Al, Cr, Zr, Ga, Ti, Sn, Ta, V, Mg, and In with x=0, 0.1, 0.2) perovskite materials were produced via solid-state synthesis. In order to stu
2009
Mixed ionic electronic conducting perovskite materials have been receiving considerable attention for the application of oxygen separation membranes. These membranes have potential to be integrated in