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Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species (mass transfer in the form of advection), either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer.
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure. It is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. The density of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid, and much higher than that of a gas. Therefore, liquid and solid are both termed condensed matter.
A prediction (Latin præ-, "before," and dicere, "to say"), or forecast, is a statement about a future event or data. They are often, but not always, based upon experience or knowledge. There is no universal agreement about the exact difference from "estimation"; different authors and disciplines ascribe different connotations. Future events are necessarily uncertain, so guaranteed accurate information about the future is impossible. Prediction can be useful to assist in making plans about possible developments.
An indirect method to identify the laminar to turbulent flow transition in shear-driven annular liquid films has been developed and used, together with literature measurements of the velocity profile,
Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd2015
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A new prediction method for the frictional pressure drop in annular two-phase flow is presented. This new prediction method focuses on the aerodynamic interaction between the liquid film and the gas c
Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd2017
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This paper focuses on the unified modeling suite for annular flow that the authors have developed and continue to develop. The annular flow suite currently includes models to predict the void fraction