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In mathematics, a Lie group (pronounced liː ) is a group that is also a differentiable manifold. A manifold is a space that locally resembles Euclidean space, whereas groups define the abstract concept of a binary operation along with the additional properties it must have to be thought of as a "transformation" in the abstract sense, for instance multiplication and the taking of inverses (division), or equivalently, the concept of addition and the taking of inverses (subtraction).
In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all spin- massive particles, called "Dirac particles", such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry. It is consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity, and was the first theory to account fully for special relativity in the context of quantum mechanics.
In mathematical physics, the Dirac delta distribution (δ distribution), also known as the unit impulse, is a generalized function or distribution over the real numbers, whose value is zero everywhere except at zero, and whose integral over the entire real line is equal to one. The current understanding of the unit impulse is as a linear functional that maps every continuous function (e.g., ) to its value at zero of its domain (), or as the weak limit of a sequence of bump functions (e.g.
The reduction of nonholonomic systems is formulated in terms of Dirac reduction. An optimal reduction method for a class of nonholonomic systems is formulated. Several examples are studied in detail.
The purpose of this paper is to generalize the (Poisson) Optimal Reduction Theorem in Ortega and Ratiu [Momentum Maps and Hamiltonian Reduction. Progress in Mathematics 222. Boston, MA: Birkhauser. xx
We show that if a smooth multiplicative subbundle S subset of T G on a groupoid G P is involutive and satisfies completeness conditions, then its leaf space G/S inherits a groupoid structure over the