Framing (social sciences)

In the social sciences, framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies organize, perceive, and communicate about reality. Framing can manifest in thought or interpersonal communication. Frames in thought consist of the mental representations, interpretations, and simplifications of reality. Frames in communication consist of the communication of frames between different actors. Framing is a key component of sociology, the study of social interaction among humans. Framing is an integral part of conveying and processing data daily. Successful framing techniques can be used to reduce the ambiguity of intangible topics by contextualizing the information in such a way that recipients can connect to what they already know. In social theory, framing is a schema of interpretation, a collection of anecdotes and stereotypes, that individuals rely on to understand and respond to events. In other words, people build a series of mental

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I Am What I Pledge: The Importance of Value Alignment for Mobilizing Backers in Reward-Based Crowdfunding

Julia Katharina Binder

Crowdfunding has emerged as an important alternative financing tool for entrepreneurs. Extant research on the antecedents of crowdfunding success have produced divergent results. By applying the cross-disciplinary lens of strategic linguistic framing, that is, framing campaign messages in a way that is salient and that resonates with the values of the audience, we experimentally examine the role of value framing for a successful campaign outcome. Our results indicate that altruistically framed campaigns have a higher chance for funding compared to campaigns that emphasize egoistic or environmental motives, but even more importantly, that message framing needs to be aligned with the personal values of the backers. As such, our study highlights important similarities between resource mobilization in social movements and in crowdfunding.

2020

Composite beam effects and implications to seismic design provisions

Hammad El Jisr, Dimitrios Lignos

Previous studies have investigated the slab effects on the cyclic behavior of composite beams in moment-resisting frames. Of interest in this paper, is the slab contribution to the flexural strength and effective stiffness of the beam. The former influences the strong column/weak beam ratio while the latter affects the fulfillment of serviceability limits. For this purpose, experimental data of composite beams from prior subassembly and frame system tests are assembled in a consistent database format. This database facilitates the evaluation of code-based approaches that are adopted in the seismic design of composite beams in steel moment-resisting frames. In particular, the developed database is used to assess the plastic flexural strength and effective stiffness of the beams according to the current Eurocode, US and Japanese seismic provisions. The database is also used to quantify the plastic rotation capacity of composite beams that is particularly important for nonlinear seismic assessment. In general, all three design codes estimate the sagging plastic moment resistance of the beams reasonably well. On the other hand, the estimated effective stiffness shows greater variability. The proposed composite beam effective stiffness according to the Japanese seismic provisions is found to be the most accurate between the three design provisions. Results also suggest that the plastic deformation capacity of composite beams is higher under sagging bending than hogging bending due to the slab restraint. Although inconclusive, the framing action seems to enhance the plastic deformation capacity of beams intersecting interior joints.

2018

Hysteretic Behavior of Moment-Resisting Frames Considering Slab Restraint and Framing Action

Hammad El Jisr, Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Elkady, Dimitrios Lignos

This paper examines the influence of framing action and slab continuity on the hysteretic behavior of composite steel moment-resisting frames (MRFs) by means of high-fidelity continuum finite-element (CFE) analyses of two-bay subsystems and typical cruciform subassemblies. The CFE model, which is made publicly available, was thoroughly validated with available full-scale experiments and considers variations in the beam depth and the imposed loading history. The simulation results suggest that beams in subsystems may experience up to 25% less flexural strength degradation than those in typical subassemblies. This is because of local buckling straightening from the slab continuity and framing action evident in subsystems. For the same reason, beam axial shortening attributable to local buckling progression is up to five times lower in subsystems than in subassemblies, which is consistent with field observations. While the hysteretic behavior of interior panel zone joints is symmetric, exterior joint panel zones in subsystems experience large asymmetric shear distortions regardless of the employed lateral loading history. From a design standpoint, it is found that the probable maximum moment in deep and slender beams (d(b) >= 700 mm) may be up to 25% higher than that predicted by current design provisions with direct implications to capacity design of steel MRFs. The 25% reduction in the shear stud capacity as proposed by current seismic provisions is not imperative for MRFs comprising intermediate to shallow beams and/or featuring a high degree of composite action (eta > 80%) as long as ductile shear connectors are employed. (C) 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.

2020

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