Mantle (geology) | EPFL Graph Search

A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust. Mantles are made of rock or ices, and are generally the largest and most massive layer of the planetary body. Mantles are characteristic of planetary bodies that have undergone differentiation by density. All terrestrial planets (including Earth), a number of asteroids, and some planetary moons have mantles. Earth's mantle The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. Its mass of 4.01 × 1024 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. It has a thickness of making up about 84% of Earth's volume. It is predominantly solid, but in geological time it behaves as a viscous fluid. Partial melting of the mantle at mid-ocean ridges produces oceanic crust, and partial melting of the mantle at subduction zones produces continental crust. Mercury has a silicate mantle approximately thick, constituting only 28% of its mass. Venus's silicate mantle is approximately thick, constituting around 70% of its mass. Mars's silicate mantle is approximately thick, constituting ~74–88% of its mass, and may be represented by chassignite meteorites. Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, and Ganymede have silicate mantles; Io's ~ silicate mantle is overlain by a volcanic crust, Ganymede's ~ thick silicate mantle is overlain by ~ of ice, and Europa's ~ km silicate mantle is overlain by ~ of ice and possibly liquid water. The silicate mantle of the Earth's moon is approximately 1300–1400 km thick, and is the source of mare basalts. The lunar mantle might be exposed in the South Pole-Aitken basin or the Crisium basin. The lunar mantle contains a seismic discontinuity at ~ depth, most likely related to a change in composition. Titan and Triton each have a mantle made of ice or other solid volatile substances. 4_Vesta#Geology Some of the largest asteroids have mantles; for example, Vesta has a silicate mantle similar in composition to diogenite meteorites.

Characterization of Fly Ashes by a Novel Method in the Scanning Electron Microscope

Karen Scrivener, Cyrille Dunant, Mohsen Ben Haha, Pawel Tadeusz Durdzinski

In this paper, we show a new technique to characterize fly ashes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical composition of millions of points is measured by SEM-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and plotted in a ternary frequency plot. This new ...

ASTM INTERNATIONAL2019