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Concept
Atlantic Revolutions
Summary
The Atlantic Revolutions (22 March 1765 – 4 December 1838) were numerous revolutions in the Atlantic World in the late 18th and early 19th century. Following the Age of Enlightenment, ideas critical of absolutist monarchies began to spread. A revolutionary wave soon occurred, with the aim of ending monarchical rule, emphasizing the ideals of the Enlightenment, and spreading liberalism.
In 1755, early signs of governmental changes occurred with the formation of the Corsican Republic and Pontiac's War. The largest of these early revolutions was the American Revolution of 1765, where American colonists felt that they were taxed without representation by the Parliament of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America after defeating the British. The American Revolution partially inspired other movements, including the French Revolution in 1789 and the Haitian Revolution in 1791. These revolutions were inspired by the equivocation of personal freedom with the right to own property—an idea spread by Edmund Burke—and by the equality of all men, an idea expressed in constitutions written as a result of these revolutions.
It took place in both the Americas and Europe, including the United States (1765–1783), Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1788–1792), France and French-controlled Europe (1789–1814), Haiti (1791–1804), Ireland (1798) and Spanish America (1810–1825). There were smaller upheavals in Switzerland, Russia, and Brazil. The revolutionaries in each country knew of the others and to some degree were inspired by or emulated them.
Independence movements in the New World began with the American Revolution, 1765–1783, in which France, the Netherlands and Spain assisted the new United States of America as it secured independence from Britain. In the 1790s the Haitian Revolution broke out. With Spain tied down in European wars, the mainland Spanish colonies secured independence around 1820.
In long-term perspective, the revolutions were mostly successful.
Official source
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