Sequence point

In C and C++, a sequence point defines any point in a computer program's execution at which it is guaranteed that all side effects of previous evaluations will have been performed, and no side effects from subsequent evaluations have yet been performed. They are a core concept for determining the validity of and, if valid, the possible results of expressions. Adding more sequence points is sometimes necessary to make an expression defined and to ensure a single valid order of evaluation. With C11 and C++11, usage of the term sequence point has been replaced by sequencing. There are three possibilities: An expression's evaluation can be sequenced before that of another expression, or equivalently the other expression's evaluation is sequenced after that of the first. The expressions' evaluation is indeterminately sequenced, meaning one is sequenced before the other, but which is unspecified. The expressions' evaluation is unsequenced. The execution of unsequenced evaluations can overlap, leading to potentially catastrophic undefined behavior if they share state. This situation can arise in parallel computations, causing race conditions, but undefined behavior can also result in single-threaded situations. For example, a[i] = i++; (where is an array and is an integer) has undefined behavior. Consider two functions f() and g(). In C and C++, the + operator is not associated with a sequence point, and therefore in the expression f()+g() it is possible that either f() or g() will be executed first. The comma operator introduces a sequence point, and therefore in the code f(),g() the order of evaluation is defined: first f() is called, and then g() is called. Sequence points also come into play when the same variable is modified more than once within a single expression. An often-cited example is the C expression i=i++, which apparently both assigns i its previous value and increments i. The final value of i is ambiguous, because, depending on the order of expression evaluation, the increment may occur before, after, or interleaved with the assignment.