In mathematics, especially homological algebra and other applications of theory, the short five lemma is a special case of the five lemma.
It states that for the following commutative diagram (in any abelian , or in the ), if the rows are short exact sequences, and if g and h are isomorphisms, then f is an isomorphism as well.
It follows immediately from the five lemma.
The essence of the lemma can be summarized as follows: if you have a homomorphism f from an object B to an object , and this homomorphism induces an isomorphism from a subobject A of B to a subobject of and also an isomorphism from the factor object B/A to /, then f itself is an isomorphism. Note however that the existence of f (such that the diagram commutes) has to be assumed from the start; two objects B and that simply have isomorphic sub- and factor objects need not themselves be isomorphic (for example, in the , B could be the cyclic group of order four and the Klein four-group).
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An exact sequence is a sequence of morphisms between objects (for example, groups, rings, modules, and, more generally, objects of an ) such that the of one morphism equals the kernel of the next. In the context of group theory, a sequence of groups and group homomorphisms is said to be exact at if . The sequence is called exact if it is exact at each for all , i.e., if the image of each homomorphism is equal to the kernel of the next. The sequence of groups and homomorphisms may be either finite or infinite.
Homological algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies homology in a general algebraic setting. It is a relatively young discipline, whose origins can be traced to investigations in combinatorial topology (a precursor to algebraic topology) and abstract algebra (theory of modules and syzygies) at the end of the 19th century, chiefly by Henri Poincaré and David Hilbert. Homological algebra is the study of homological functors and the intricate algebraic structures that they entail; its development was closely intertwined with the emergence of .