The file command is a standard program of Unix and Unix-like operating systems for recognizing the type of data contained in a .
The original version of file originated in Unix Research Version 4 in 1973. System V brought a major update with several important changes, most notably moving the file type information into an external text file rather than compiling it into the binary itself.
Most major BSD and Linux distributions use a free, open-source reimplementation which was written in 1986–87 by Ian Darwin from scratch. It was expanded by Geoff Collyer in 1989 and since then has had input from many others, including Guy Harris, Chris Lowth and Eric Fischer; from late 1993 onward its maintenance has been organized by Christos Zoulas. The OpenBSD system has its own subset implementation written from scratch, but still uses the Darwin/Zoulas collection of magic file formatted information.
The command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.
The Single UNIX Specification (SUS) specifies that a series of tests are performed on the file specified on the command line:
if the file cannot be read, or its is undetermined, the file program will indicate that the file was processed but its type was undetermined.
file must be able to determine the types directory, FIFO, socket, block , and character special file
zero-length files are identified as such
an initial part of file is considered and file is to use position-sensitive tests
the entire file is considered and file is to use context-sensitive tests
the file is identified as a data file
file's position-sensitive tests are normally implemented by matching various locations within the file against a textual database of magic numbers (see the Usage section). This differs from other simpler methods such as s and schemes like MIME.
In most implementations, the file command uses a database to drive the probing of the lead bytes. That database is implemented in a file called magic, whose location is usually in /etc/magic, /usr/share/file/magic or a similar location.
This page is automatically generated and may contain information that is not correct, complete, up-to-date, or relevant to your search query. The same applies to every other page on this website. Please make sure to verify the information with EPFL's official sources.
A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a . It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free. Some file formats are designed for very particular types of data: PNG files, for example, store bitmapped using lossless data compression. Other file formats, however, are designed for storage of several different types of data: the Ogg format can act as a container for different types of multimedia including any combination of audio and video, with or without text (such as subtitles), and metadata.
In computer programming, a magic number is any of the following: A unique value with unexplained meaning or multiple occurrences which could (preferably) be replaced with a named constant A constant numerical or text value used to identify a or protocol; for files, see A distinctive unique value that is unlikely to be mistaken for other meanings (e.g., Globally Unique Identifiers) The term magic number or magic constant refers to the anti-pattern of using numbers directly in source code.
gzip is a and a software application used for file compression and decompression. The program was created by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler as a free software replacement for the compress program used in early Unix systems, and intended for use by GNU (from where the "g" of gzip is derived). Version 0.1 was first publicly released on 31 October 1992, and version 1.0 followed in February 1993. The decompression of the gzip format can be implemented as a streaming algorithm, an important feature for Web protocols, data interchange and ETL (in standard pipes) applications.
The principles of 3D surface (SEM) reconstruction and its limitations will be explained. 3D volume reconstruction and tomography methods by electron microscopy (SEM/FIB and TEM) will be explained and
Explores total scattering and PDF analysis in materials science, covering in-situ synthesis, data analysis techniques, and applications in host-guest systems.