This is a list of notable events in the development of Jewish history. All dates are given according to the Common Era, not the Hebrew calendar.
Chronology of the BibleHistoricity of the BibleKingdom of Israel (united monarchy)History of ancient Israel and JudahMissing years (Jewish calendar)Time periods in the Palestine region and
c. 1312 BCE (?*) Moses and the Exodus from Egypt
c. 1250 BCE–c. 1025 BCE Biblical judges lead the people
c. 1025 BCE–c. 1010 BCE King Saul
c. 1010 BCE–c. 970 BCE King David
c. 970 BCE–c. 931 BCE King Solomon
c. 960 BCE Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem completed
c. 931 BCE Split between Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) and the Kingdom of Judah
c. 931 BCE–c. 913 BCE King Rehoboam of Judah
c. 931 BCE–c. 910 BCE King Jeroboam of Israel
840 BCE Mesha inscription describes Moabite victory over a son of King Omri of Israel.
c. 740 BCE–c. 700 BCE prophecy of Isaiah
c. 740 BCE–c. 722 BCE Kingdom of Israel falls to Neo-Assyrian Empire
c. 715 BCE–c. 687 BCE King Hezekiah of Judah
c. 649 BCE–c. 609 BCE King Josiah of Judah institutes major reforms
c. 626 BCЕ – c. 587 BCE prophecy of Jeremiah
c. 600 BCЕ Ketef Hinnom scrolls
597 BCE first deportation to Babylon
586 BCE Jerusalem falls to Nebuchadnezzar and Solomon's Temple destroyed
Second Temple periodYehud (Persian province)Maccabean RevoltHasmonean dynastyHerodian kingdomJewish-Roman Wars and
539 BCE Jews allowed to return to Jerusalem, by permission of Cyrus
520 BCE Prophecy of Zechariah
c. 520 BCE Zerubbabel leads the first group of Jews from captivity back to Jerusalem
516 BCE Second Temple consecrated
c. 475 BCE Often associated with Xerxes I of Persia, Queen Esther revealed her identity to the king and began to plead for her people, pointing to Haman as the evil schemer plotting to destroy them.
c. 460 BCE Seeing anarchy breaking out in Judea, Xerxes' successor Persian King Artaxerxes sent Ezra to restore order.
332 BCE Alexander the Great conquers Phoenicia and Gaza.
332 BCE? According to Josephus, Alexander visits Judea and seeks out the high priest Jaddus.
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Jewish history is the history of the Jews, and their nation, religion, and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions, and cultures. Jews are originated from the Israelites and Hebrews of historical Israel and Judah, two related kingdoms that emerged in the Levant during the Iron Age. Although the earliest mention of Israel is inscribed on the Merneptah Stele around 1213–1203 BCE, religious literature tells the story of Israelites going back at least as far as c. 1500 BCE.
The Ten Lost Tribes were the ten of the Twelve Tribes of Israel that were said to have been exiled from the Kingdom of Israel after its conquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire 722 BCE. These are the tribes of Reuben, Simeon, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Manasseh, and Ephraim; all but Judah and Benjamin (as well as some members of Levi, the priestly tribe, which did not have its own territory). However, since the tribe of Simeon lived well within the territory of Judah, it is not clear why this tribe was never included in this list (or as a part of the northern kingdom of the 10 tribes).
The Second Temple period or post-exilic period in Jewish history denotes the approximately 600 years (516 BCE – 70 CE) during which the Second Temple stood in the city of Jerusalem. It began with the return to Zion and subsequent reconstruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, and ended with the First Jewish–Roman War and the Roman siege of Jerusalem. In 587/586 BCE, the Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered the Kingdom of Judah; the Judeans lost their independence upon the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem, during which the First Temple was destroyed.