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Concept
Covariance
Summary
In probability theory and statistics, covariance is a measure of the joint variability of two random variables. If the greater values of one variable mainly correspond with the greater values of the other variable, and the same holds for the lesser values (that is, the variables tend to show similar behavior), the covariance is positive. In the opposite case, when the greater values of one variable mainly correspond to the lesser values of the other, (that is, the variables tend to show opposite behavior), the covariance is negative. The sign of the covariance, therefore, shows the tendency in the linear relationship between the variables. The magnitude of the covariance is the geometric mean of the variances that are in-common for the two random variables. The correlation coefficient normalizes the covariance by dividing by the geometric mean of the total variances for the two random variables.
A distinction must be made between (1) the covariance of two random variables, which is a population parameter that can be seen as a property of the joint probability distribution, and (2) the sample covariance, which in addition to serving as a descriptor of the sample, also serves as an estimated value of the population parameter.
For two jointly distributed real-valued random variables and with finite second moments, the covariance is defined as the expected value (or mean) of the product of their deviations from their individual expected values:
where is the expected value of , also known as the mean of . The covariance is also sometimes denoted or , in analogy to variance. By using the linearity property of expectations, this can be simplified to the expected value of their product minus the product of their expected values:
but this equation is susceptible to catastrophic cancellation (see the section on numerical computation below).
The units of measurement of the covariance are those of times those of . By contrast, correlation coefficients, which depend on the covariance, are a dimensionless measure of linear dependence.
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