Exophthalmos | EPFL Graph Search

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Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or swelling of surrounding tissue resulting from trauma. In the case of Graves' disease, the displacement of the eye results from abnormal connective tissue deposition in the orbit and extraocular muscles, which can be visualized by CT or MRI. If left untreated, exophthalmos can cause the eyelids to fail to close during sleep, leading to corneal dryness and damage. Another possible complication is a form of redness or irritation called superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, in which the area above the cornea becomes inflamed as a result of increased friction when blinking. The process that is causing the displacement of the eye may also compress the optic nerve or ophthalmic artery, and lead to blindness. Inflammatory/Infection: Graves' ophthalmopathy due to Graves' disease, usually causes bilateral proptosis. Orbital cellulitis – often with unilateral proptosis, severe redness, and moderate to severe pain, sinusitis and an elevated white blood cell count. Dacryoadenitis Erdheim–Chester disease Mucormycosis Orbital pseudotumor – presents with acute, usually unilateral proptosis with severe pain. High-altitude cerebral edema Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Neoplastic: Leukemias Meningioma, (of sphenoid wing) Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma Hand–Schüller–Christian disease Hemangioma, cavernous Cystic: Dermoid cyst Vascular: Carotid-cavernous fistula Aortic insufficiency: manifests as a pulsatile pseudoproptosis, described by British cardiothoracic surgeon Hutan Ashrafian in 2006 Others: Orbital fracture: apex, floor, medial wall, zygomatic Retrobulbar hemorrhage: trauma to the orbit can lead to bleeding behind the eye.

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Orbit (anatomy)

In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents. In the adult human, the volume of the orbit is , of which the eye occupies . The orbital contents comprise the eye, the orbital and retrobulbar fascia, extraocular muscles, cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI, blood vessels, fat, the lacrimal gland with its sac and duct, the eyelids, medial and lateral palpebral ligaments, cheek ligaments, the suspensory ligament, septum, ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.