The economy of North Korea is a centrally planned economy, following Juche, where the role of market allocation schemes is limited, although increasing. , North Korea continues its basic adherence to a centralized planned economy. With a total gross domestic product of 28.500billionasof2016,therehasbeensomeeconomicliberalization,particularlyafterKimJongUnassumedtheleadershipin2012,butreportsconflictoverparticularlegislationandenactment.Sincethe1990s,informalmarketactivityhasincreased,whichthegovernmenthastolerated.Thesemarketsarereferredtoas′Jangmadang′andwereformedasaresultoftheeconomiccollapseduringthe1990s,whichmadetheregimeunabletodistributefoodtoitspeople.ThecollapseoftheEasternBlocfrom1989to1992,particularlyNorthKorea′sprincipalsourceofsupport,theSovietUnion,forcedtheNorthKoreaneconomytorealignitsforeigneconomicrelations,includingincreasedeconomicexchangeswithSouthKorea.ChinaisNorthKorea′slargesttradingpartner.NorthKorea′sideologyofJuchehasresultedinthecountrypursuingautarkyinanenvironmentofinternationalsanctions.WhilethecurrentNorthKoreaneconomyisstilldominatedbystate−ownedindustryandcollectivefarms,foreigninvestmentandcorporateautonomyhaveincreased.NorthKoreahadasimilarGDPpercapitatoitsneighborSouthKoreafromtheaftermathoftheKoreanWaruntilthemid−1970s,buthadaGDPpercapitaoflessthan2,000 in the late 1990s and early 21st century. For 2018, the South Korean Bank of Korea estimated the GDP growth as −4.1%. For the first time, in 2021, the South Korean Ministry of Unification estimated that the North Korean private sector outgrew the public sector.
Estimating gross national product in North Korea is a difficult task because of a lack of economic data and the problem of choosing an appropriate rate of exchange for the North Korean won, the nonconvertible North Korean currency. The South Korean government's estimate placed North Korea's GNP in 1991 at US$22.
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Kim Il Sung (ˈkɪm_ˈɪlˈsʌŋ,_-ˈsʊŋ; , kimils͈ʌŋ; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was a Korean politician and the founder of North Korea. He ruled the country from the country's establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. Afterwards, he was declared its eternal president. His birth name was Kim Song Ju (). He held the posts of the Premier from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to 1994. He was the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) from 1949 to 1994 (titled as Chairman from 1949 to 1966 and as General Secretary after 1966).
The economy of North Korea is a centrally planned economy, following Juche, where the role of market allocation schemes is limited, although increasing. , North Korea continues its basic adherence to a centralized planned economy. With a total gross domestic product of $28.500 billion as of 2016, there has been some economic liberalization, particularly after Kim Jong Un assumed the leadership in 2012, but reports conflict over particular legislation and enactment.
The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, was a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world. Sometimes this revolutionary wave is also called the Fall of Nations or the Autumn of Nations, a play on the term Spring of Nations that is sometimes used to describe the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe.
Urban Wild Ecology / Production and Decomposition Urbanism / FOOD studio examines urban collective housing integrating a self-sustaining cycle of food, from production to disposal. A highly contextual
Urban Wild Ecology / Production and Decomposition Urbanism / FOOD studio examines urban collective housing integrating a self-sustaining cycle of food, from production to disposal. A highly contextual
Urban Wild Ecology / Production and Decomposition Urbanism / SOIL studio focuses on earth-conscious construction methods and materials that return to the soil. A radical vision will be sought to incor