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Concept
Political strongman
Summary
A strongman is a type of an authoritarian political leader. Political scientists Brian Bell and Dan Slater identify strongman rule as a form of authoritarian rule characterized by autocratic dictatorships depending on military enforcement, as distinct from three other categories of authoritarian rule, specifically machine (oligarchic party dictatorships); bossism (autocratic party dictatorships); and juntas (oligarchic military dictatorships).
A 2014 study published in the Annual Review of Political Science journal found that strongmen and juntas are both more likely to engage in human rights violations and civil wars than civilian dictatorships. However, military strongmen are more belligerent than military regimes or civilian dictatorships—i.e., they are more likely to initiate interstate armed conflict. It is theorized that this is because strongmen have greater reason to fear assassination, imprisonment, or exile after being removed from power. The rule of military strongmen is more likely to end through an insurgency, popular uprising, or invasion; by contrast, the rule of military regimes and civilian dictatorships are more likely to end in democratization.
Leaders that have been classified by political scientists as strongmen include:
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Ilham Aliyev
Hafez al-Assad
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
Idi Amin
Siad Barre
Nayib Bukele
Fidel Castro
Raúl Castro
Nicolae Ceaușescu
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Adolf Hitler
Saddam Hussein
Muammar Gaddafi
Klement Gottwald
Kim Il-sung
Salah Jadid
Wojciech Jaruzelski
Lee Kuan Yew
Xi Jinping
Kim Jong-il
Kim Jong-un
János Kádár
Chiang Kai-shek
Ayub Khan
Vladimir Lenin
Alexander Lukashenko
Ferdinand Marcos
Ioannis Metaxas
Narendra Modi
Benito Mussolini
François Duvalier
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Nursultan Nazarbayev
Manuel Noriega
Min Aung Hlaing
Viktor Orbán
Juan Domingo Perón
Augusto Pinochet
Pol Pot
Vladimir Putin
Emomali Rahmon
Mátyás Rákosi
Jerry Rawlings
France-Albert René
Thomas Sankara
Than Shwe
Mobutu Sese Seko
Hun Sen
Joseph Stalin
Suharto
Maha
Official source
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