Political strongman

A strongman is a type of an authoritarian political leader. Political scientists Brian Bell and Dan Slater identify strongman rule as a form of authoritarian rule characterized by autocratic dictatorships depending on military enforcement, as distinct from three other categories of authoritarian rule, specifically machine (oligarchic party dictatorships); bossism (autocratic party dictatorships); and juntas (oligarchic military dictatorships). A 2014 study published in the Annual Review of Political Science journal found that strongmen and juntas are both more likely to engage in human rights violations and civil wars than civilian dictatorships. However, military strongmen are more belligerent than military regimes or civilian dictatorships—i.e., they are more likely to initiate interstate armed conflict. It is theorized that this is because strongmen have greater reason to fear assassination, imprisonment, or exile after being removed from power. The rule of military strongmen is more likely to end through an insurgency, popular uprising, or invasion; by contrast, the rule of military regimes and civilian dictatorships are more likely to end in democratization. Leaders that have been classified by political scientists as strongmen include: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Ilham Aliyev Hafez al-Assad Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Idi Amin Siad Barre Nayib Bukele Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Nicolae Ceaușescu Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Adolf Hitler Saddam Hussein Muammar Gaddafi Klement Gottwald Kim Il-sung Salah Jadid Wojciech Jaruzelski Lee Kuan Yew Xi Jinping Kim Jong-il Kim Jong-un János Kádár Chiang Kai-shek Ayub Khan Vladimir Lenin Alexander Lukashenko Ferdinand Marcos Ioannis Metaxas Narendra Modi Benito Mussolini François Duvalier Gamal Abdel Nasser Nursultan Nazarbayev Manuel Noriega Min Aung Hlaing Viktor Orbán Juan Domingo Perón Augusto Pinochet Pol Pot Vladimir Putin Emomali Rahmon Mátyás Rákosi Jerry Rawlings France-Albert René Thomas Sankara Than Shwe Mobutu Sese Seko Hun Sen Joseph Stalin Suharto Maha

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Authoritarianism

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