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Concept
Tokharistan
Summary
Tokharistan (formed from "Tokhara" and the suffix -stan meaning "place of" in Persian) is an ancient Early Middle Ages name given to the area which was known as Bactria in Ancient Greek sources.
In the 7th and 8th century CE, Tokharistan came under the rule of the Chinese Empire, administered by the Protectorate General to Pacify the West. Today, Tokharistan is fragmented between Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan.
Several languages have used variations of the word "Tokhara" to designate the region:
Tokharistan may appear in ancient Indian sources as the Kingdom of Tushara, to the northwest of the Indian subcontinent. "Tushara" is the Sanskrit word for "snowy" "frigid", and is known to have been used to designate the country of Tukhara. In Sanskrit, it became तुखार (Tukhāra).
In ancient Greek, the name was Tokharoi (Τόχαροι ) or Thaguroi.
Tochari for Latin historians.
The name "Tokhara" appeared in the 4th century CE, in Buddhist texts, such as the Vibhasa-sastra.
In Tibetan, the name for the region was Thod-kar or Tho-gar.
The name appears in Chinese as Tukhara (覩货罗 Duhuoluo or 吐火罗 Tuhuoluo). "Tokhara" was known in Chinese sources as Tuhuluo (吐呼羅), which is first mentioned during the Northern Wei era (386-534 CE). In the Tang dynasty, the name is transcribed as Tuhuoluo (土豁羅). Other Chinese names are Doushaluo 兜沙羅, Douquluo 兜佉羅 or Duhuoluo 覩貨羅.
In Khotanese, Ttaugara; in Uigurian, Twghry; in Armenian, T'ukri-k'.
Several portraits of ambassadors from the region of Tokharistan are known from the Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, originally painted in 526–539 CE. They were at that time under the overlordship of the Hephthalites, who led the embassies to the Southern Liang court in the early 6th century CE.
File:Kabadiyan ambassador to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE.jpg|[[Qubodiyon]] ambassador to the court of [[Emperor Yuan of Liang]] in his capital [[Jingzhou]] in 516–520 CE, with explanatory text. ''[[Portraits of Periodical Offering]] of Liang'', 11th century Song copy.
Official source
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