Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje | EPFL Graph Search

Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (ˈkrɪstijaːn ˈsnuk ɦʏrˈɣrɔɲə; 8 February 1857 - 26 June 1936) was a Dutch scholar of Oriental cultures and languages and advisor on native affairs to the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Born in Oosterhout in 1857, he became a theology student at Leiden University in 1874. He received his doctorate at Leiden in 1880 with his dissertation 'Het Mekkaansche Feest' ("The Festivities of Mecca"). He became a professor at the Leiden School for Colonial Civil Servants in 1881. Snouck, who was fluent in Arabic, through mediation with the Ottoman governor in Jeddah, was examined by a delegation of scholars from Mecca in 1884 and, upon successfully completion of the examination, was allowed to commence a pilgrimage to the Holy Muslim city of Mecca in 1885. He was one of the first Western scholars of Oriental cultures to do so. A pioneering traveler, he was a rare Western presence in Mecca, but embraced the culture and religion of his hosts with passion in such that he successfully gave people the impression that he had converted to Islam. He admitted that he pretended to be a Muslim as he explained in a letter sent to his college friend, Carl Bezold on 18 February 1886 which is now archived in Heidelberg University Library. In 1888 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1889 he became professor of Malay at Leiden University and official advisor to the Dutch government on colonial affairs. He wrote more than 1,400 papers on the situation in Atjeh and the position of Islam in the Dutch East Indies, as well as on the colonial civil service and nationalism. As the adviser of J. B. van Heutsz, he took an active role in the final part (1898–1905) of the Aceh War (1873–1914). He used his knowledge of Islamic culture to devise strategies which significantly helped crush the resistance of the Aceh inhabitants and impose Dutch colonial rule on them, ending a 40-year war with varying casualty estimates of between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants dead and about a million wounded.

Repos alpin. Un cimetière entre Sierre et Crans-Montana (VS)

Elsa Cornu

La région comprise entre Sierre et Crans-Montana dans les Alpes valaisannes connaît, depuis les années 1970, un développement de type périurbain sans cesse croissant. Ce développement, alimenté par une population citadine en mal de “nature”, se traduit par la construction massive de villas individuelles qui crée une homogénéisation du paysage et un recul de la pluralité des fonctions sur un même territoire. Le thème du cimetière permet de réenvisager le paysage de la région non plus comme fait purement esthétique exploité comme argument immobilier et touristique, mais comme rencontre des dimensions bio-physique, culturelle et subjective d'un territoire à mettre en valeur. De plus, en créant un rapport entre la vie et la mort, le cimetière ajoute une dimension symbolique au paysage. Par ailleurs, un pareil programme vise à engendrer des sensations fortes qui s'opposent à l'homogénéisation du territoire et, de ce fait, des émotions des personnes qui l'occupent. Le site retenu s'étend sur une friche agricole bordée d'une falaise qui surplombe le funiculaire qui relie Sierre à Crans-Montana. Il s'ouvre sur la vallée du Rhône et les montagnes qui la dominent. Le projet s'appuie sur une lecture sensible du paysage en construisant non pas un ensemble homogène et continu, mais plusieurs pièces qui accueillent les tombes, un columbarium et un jardin des souvenirs. Reliées entre elles par une promenade continue qui traverse un milieu de friche agricole, les différentes pièces identifient et magnifient différents types de paysage.

2010