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Concept
History of ancient Egypt
Summary
The history of ancient Egypt spans the period from the early prehistoric settlements of the northern Nile valley to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 39 BC. The pharaonic period, the period in which Egypt was ruled by a pharaoh, is dated from the 32nd century BC, when Upper and Lower Egypt were unified, until the country fell under Macedonian rule in 332 BC.
Note For alternative 'revisions' to the chronology of Egypt, see Egyptian chronology.
Egypt's history is split into several different periods according to the ruling dynasty of each pharaoh. The dating of events is still a subject of research. The conservative dates are not supported by any reliable absolute date for a span of about three millennia. The following is the list according to conventional Egyptian chronology.
Prehistoric Egypt (prior to 3100 BC)
Naqada III ("the protodynastic period", approximately 3100–3000 BC; sometimes referred to as "Dynasty 0")
Early Dynastic Period (First–Second Dynasties)
Old Kingdom (Third–Sixth Dynasties)
First Intermediate Period (Seventh or Eighth–Eleventh Dynasties)
Middle Kingdom (Twelfth–Thirteenth Dynasties)
Second Intermediate Period (Fourteenth–Seventeenth Dynasties)
New Kingdom (Eighteenth–Twentieth Dynasties)
Third Intermediate Period (also known as the Libyan Period; Twenty-first–Twenty-fifth Dynasties)
Late Period (Twenty-sixth–Thirty-first Dynasties)
Ptolemaic Egypt (305–30 BC)
The Nile has been the lifeline for Egyptian culture since nomadic hunter-gatherers began living along it during the Pleistocene. Traces of these early people appear in the form of artefacts and rock carvings along the terraces of the Nile and in the oases.
Along the Nile in the 12th millennium BC, an Upper Paleolithic grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had replaced the culture of hunting, fishing, and hunter-gatherers using stone tools. Evidence also indicates human habitation and cattle herding in the southwestern corner of Egypt near the Sudan border before the 8th millennium BC.
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